Acharonim | halachic authorities of the period since the publication of the *Shulchan Aruch in the sixteenth century |
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Acharon shel Pesach | the Last Day of Passover |
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aggados (the singular Aram. form is aggad'ta) | non-legal teachings on the non-literal level of interpretation known as *derush |
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ahavas Yisrael | loving a fellow Jew |
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alma de'isgalya | (lit., "the world of revelation"; Aram.): the spiritual realm in which Divinity is revealed |
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alma de'iskasya | (lit., "the world of concealment"; Aram.): the spiritual realm in which Divinity is concealed |
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amoraim | post-Mishnaic authorities cited in the *Gemara |
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Asiyah, the World of | (lit., "the World of Action, or Making"): the lowest of the Four *Worlds |
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Atzilus, the World of | (lit., "the World of Emanation"): the highest of the Four *Worlds |
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avodah | (lit., "work" or "service"): (in Torah usage) divine service, particularly through prayer and (in chassidic usage) through the labor of self-refinement |
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beis din | rabbinical court |
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Beis HaMikdash | the (First or Second) Temple in Jerusalem |
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beis midrash | communal House of Study |
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beraisa (pl., beraisos; Aram.) | tannaitic statement not included in the Mishnah |
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beirurim | the divine service of sifting and refining the materiality of this world by enlightened use, and thereby elevating the divine sparks concealed within it |
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Beriah, the World of | (lit., "the World of Creation"): the second (in descending order) of the Four *Worlds |
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Binah | (lit., "understanding"): the second of the Ten Sefiros, or divine emanations; the second stage of the intellectual process (cf.*Chabad), developing the initial conception of *Chochmah |
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bittul | self-effacement |
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Chabad | acronym formed by the initial letters of the Hebrew words *Chochmah, *Binah, and *Daas, which are both (i) the first three of the Ten *Sefiros, or divine emanations, and (ii) the corresponding stages that comprise the intellectual process (known as seichel or Chabad). Chabad also signifies: (a) the branch of the chassidic movement (see *Chassidus) which is rooted in an intellectual approach to the service of G-d, and which was founded by R. Shneur Zalman of Liadi; a synonym for Chabad in this sense is *Lubavitch, originally the name of the township where the movement flourished 1813-1915; (b) the philosophy of this school of Chassidism |
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challah | (a) a tithe of dough for the Kohen; (b) a braided loaf baked in honor of Shabbos |
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chassid (pl., chassidim) | adherent of the chassidic movement (see *Chassidus) |
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Chassidism | see *Chassidus |
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Chassidus | (a) Chassidism, i.e., the movement within Orthodox Judaism founded in White Russia by R. Yisrael, the Baal Shem Tov (1698-1760), and stressing: emotional involvement in prayer; service of G-d through the material universe; wholehearted earnestness in divine service; the mystical in addition to the legalistic dimension of Judaism; the power of joy, and of music; the love to be shown to every Jew, unconditionally; and the mutual physical and moral responsibility of the members of the informal chassidic brotherhood, each chassid having cultivated a spiritual attachment to their saintly mentor, the *Rebbe; (b) the philosophy and literature of this movement; see also *Chabad |
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chayah | the second-highest of the five levels of the soul (cf. Bereishis Rabbah 14:9) |
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Chessed | (lit., "lovingkindness"): the first of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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Chochmah | (lit., "wisdom"): the first of the Ten Sefiros, or divine emanations; the first stage of the intellectual process (cf. *Chabad); reason in potentia |
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Chumash | the Five Books of Moses |
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Daas | (lit., "knowledge"): the third of the Ten Sefiros, or divine emanations; the third stage of the intellectual process (cf.*Chabad), at which concepts, having proceeded from seminal intuition (cf. *Chochmah) through meditative gestation (cf. *Binah), now mature into their corresponding dispositions or attributes of character (middos) |
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daven, davenen | (Yid.): (a) praying, prayers; in *Chabad usage also signifies (b) the *avodah of praying at length, the reading of passages in the *Siddur being interspersed with pauses for disciplined meditation from memory on related texts in *Chassidus |
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derush | the non-literal, homiletic interpretation of Scripture, as in the *Midrash or Talmudic *aggados |
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echad | the number one |
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Ein Sof-light | the [infinite] creative and enlightening emanation that radiates from the Infinite One |
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Elokus | Divinity |
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Eretz Yisrael | the Land of Israel |
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erev | (lit., "evening" or "eve of"): when introducing another word (such as "Pesach") it can mean either (a) the evening with which the specified holy day begins or (b) the day that ends with the onset of the holy day at sunset |
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farbrengen | (Yid.): (a) an assemblage addressed by a Rebbe; (b) an informal and brotherly gathering of chassidim for mutual edification and spiritual sensitization |
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galus | exile; Diaspora |
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Gan Eden | the Garden of Eden; Paradise |
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gashmiyus | materiality |
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Gemara | (Aram.): see *Talmud |
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gematria | (Aram.): the numerical value of the letters that comprise a word in the Holy Tongue, and the derivation of insights therefrom |
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geonim (pl. of gaon) | eminent Torah scholars |
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geulah | redemption |
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Gevurah | (lit., "strict justice"): the second of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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golah | exile; Diaspora |
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haftorah | (lit., "final passage"): the passage from the Prophets read in the synagogue after the reading from the Five Books of Moses (cf. Siddur Tehillat HaShem, p. 187) |
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Haggadah | (lit., "telling", from Shmos 13:8): book from which the *Seder service is conducted on *Pesach |
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Halachah | (a) the body of Torah law; (b) a particular law |
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Havayah | the Four-Letter Name of G-d as commonly pronounced in the study of *Chassidus |
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Hilchos... | the laws of... |
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Hishtalshelus (or: Seder Hishtalshelus) | the chainlike scheme of gradual descent whereby the Divine light progressively screens itself on its way from ethereal spirituality to apparent substantiality |
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Hod | (lit., "majesty"): the fifth of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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ikvesa diMeshicha" (also ikvos Meshicha; Aram.) | the [generation that can hear the approaching] "footsteps of *Mashiach" |
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Isru Chag | the semi-festive day immediately following any one of the three Pilgrim Festivals |
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Kabbalah | (lit., "received tradition"): the body of classical Jewish mystical teachings, the central text of which is the *Zohar |
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kabbalas ol | (lit., "acceptance of the yoke"): unquestioning self-subordination to the Will of G-d |
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kashrus | state of being *kosher |
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Kedushah | sanctity |
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kelippos | (lit., "rind" or "shell"; pl. of kelippah): used figuratively (on a personal or universal level) to signify an outer covering which conceals the light within; hence, the unholy side of the universe |
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ketz | (lit., "end"): a particularly auspicious time for *Mashiach to bring the exile to an end |
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kochos makkifim | the transcendent faculties of the soul |
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kochos pnimiyim | the internalized, conscious faculties of the soul |
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Kohen (pl., Kohanim) | "priests", i.e., descendants of Aharon |
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Kohen Gadol | high priest |
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kosher | ritually fit for use or valid (cf. *kashrus) |
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Lubavitch | (lit., "town of love"; Rus.): townlet in White Russia which from 1813-1915 was the center of *Chabad *Chassidism, and whose name has remained a synonym for it |
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maamar (pl., maamarim) | (lit., "word" or "written article") in *Chabad circles means a formal chassidic discourse first delivered by a *Rebbe |
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makkif | the transcendent dimension of the soul that is not consciously vested in the body |
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Malchus | (lit., "sovereignty"): the last of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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Mashiach | (lit., "the anointed one"): Messiah |
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matzah (pl., matzos) | unleavened bread eaten on *Pesach |
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Midrash | any one of the classical collections of the Sages' homiletical teachings on the Torah, on the non-literal level of *derush |
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minyan (pl., minyanim) | quorum of ten men required for communal prayer |
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Mishkan | the Tabernacle, i.e., the temporary Sanctuary in the wilderness; see Shmos 25ff. |
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Mishnah | the germinal statements of law elucidated by the *Gemara, together with which they constitute the *Talmud |
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Mishneh Torah | the encyclopedic codification by Rambam (Maimonides) of all the laws of the Written and Oral Torah; also known as HaYad HaChazakah |
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mitzvah (pl., mitzvos) | a religious obligation; one of the 613 Commandments |
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Mussaf | the additional prayer of *Shabbos and other festive days |
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nasi | (a) in Biblical times, the head of any one of the Twelve Tribes; (b) in later generations, the civil and/or spiritual head of the Jewish community at large |
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nazir | one who sets himself apart for divine service by undertaking certain ascetic restrictions; cf. Bamidbar 6:1-21 |
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nefesh (pl., nefashos) | (a) soul; (b) the lowest of the five levels of the soul (cf. Bereishis Rabbah 14:9) |
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neshamah (pl., neshamos) | (a) soul; (b) the third of the five levels of the soul (cf. Bereishis Rabbah 14:9) |
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Netzach | (lit., "eternity; conquest; victory"): the fourth of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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niggun (pl., niggunim) | melody, usually wordless, especially one figuring in divine service |
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nigleh | (lit., "revealed"): the revealed levels of the Torah (e.g., *Talmud and *Halachah); in contrast to *nistar |
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nistar | (lit., "hidden"): the mystical levels of the Torah (e.g., *Kabbalah and *Chassidus); in contrast to *nigleh |
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parshah (pl., parshiyos) | portion of the Torah read publicly each week |
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Parshas... | the parshah of... |
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Pesach | Passover, a seven-day festival beginning on 15 Nissan, commemorating the Exodus from Egypt |
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Pirkei Avos | (lit., "chapters of the fathers"): tractate in the *Mishnah reprinted in most *Siddurim and commonly known as "Ethics of the Fathers" |
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pnimiyus haTorah | the innermost, mystical dimension of the Torah; cf. *nistar |
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posek (pl., poskim) | decisors; rabbis whose legal decisions are authoritative |
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pshat | the plain meaning of (e.g.) a Scriptural passage |
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rav (pl., rabbanim) | rabbi, Torah teacher |
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Rebbe | (common Yid. pronunciation, "my teacher [or master]"; pl., Rebbeim): *tzaddik who serves as spiritual guide to a following of chassidim; see *Chassidus |
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Red Heifer | offering made in Temple times as part of a process of ritual cleansing (Bamidbar 19:1-22) |
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remez | the interpretation of Scripture at the level of allusive implication |
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Rishon | (lit., "one of the early ones"; pl., Rishonim): a Torah authority of the period between the Geonim (early Middle Ages) and the publication of the *Shulchan Aruch (in the mid-sixteenth century) |
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Rosh Chodesh | (lit., "head of the month"; pl. Rashei Chadashim): New Moon, i.e., one or two semi-festive days at the beginning of each month |
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Rosh HaShanah | (lit., "head of the year"): the solemn New Year festival, falling on 1 and 2 Tishrei |
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ruach (pl., ruchos) | (a) soul; (b) the second-lowest of the five levels of the soul (cf. Bereishis Rabbah 14:9) |
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ruchniyus | spiritual reality |
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Seder | (lit., "order"; pl., sedarim): the order of service observed at home on the first night of *Pesach (and outside of *Eretz Yisrael on the first two nights) |
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Sefer Torah (pl., Sifrei Torah) | Torah scroll |
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Sefirah (pl., Sefiros) | divine attributes or emanations which manifest themselves in each of the Four Worlds, and are the source of the corresponding ten faculties (kochos) of the soul |
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Sefiras HaOmer | the formal counting of the 49 days from the second day of *Pesach to the eve of *Shavuos (Vayikra 23:15-16) |
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seudas Mashiach | the Festive Meal of Mashiach held on the Last Day of *Pesach |
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Seventeenth of Tammuz, the Fast of | fast commemorating five calamities, including the breaching of the walls of Jerusalem during the Roman siege |
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Shabbos (pl., Shabbasos) | the Sabbath |
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Shabbos Parshas... | the *Shabbos on which a [named] *parshah is read |
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shaliach | emissary |
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Shas | (lit., "the Six Orders of the Mishnah"): the *Talmud in its entirety |
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Shavuos | (lit., "weeks"): festival commemorating the Giving of the Torah at Sinai; in *Eretz Yisrael falling on 6 Sivan, and in the Diaspora on 6-7 Sivan |
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Shechinah | the Divine Presence |
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shechitah | ritual slaughtering |
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Shehecheyanu | (lit., "Who has granted us life"): blessing pronounced on seasonal and other occasions for thanksgiving (Siddur, p. 87) |
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Shemitah | the seven-yearly Sabbatical year (Vayikra 25:1-7) |
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Shemoneh Esreh | (lit., "eighteen [benedictions]"): prayer which is the solemn climax of each of the three daily services (Siddur, p. 50) |
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Shlita | (acronym of the five Heb. wds., sheyichyeh l'orech Yomim Tovim amen): abbreviation placed after a person's name, expressing the wish "that he be preserved in life for many good days" |
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Shofar | ram's horn sounded on *Rosh HaShanah |
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Shulchan Aruch | (lit., "a set table"): the standard Code of Jewish Law compiled by R. Yosef Caro in the mid-sixteenth century |
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sichah (pl., sichos) | an informal Torah talk delivered by a Rebbe (cf. *maamar) |
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Siddur | (lit., "order [of prayers]"): prayer book; page references in the present work are to the edition (with English translation) entitled Siddur Tehillat HaShem (Kehot, N.Y., 1979) |
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Simchas Torah | (lit., "the Rejoicing of the Torah"): festival immediately following Sukkos, on which the public reading of the Torah is annually concluded and recommenced; in *Eretz Yisrael coincides with Shemini Atzeres, and in the Diaspora falls on the following day |
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siyyum | (lit., "conclusion"): celebration marking one's completion of a Talmudic tractate |
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sod | the level of Torah interpretation that plumbs its Kabbalistic or mystical depths |
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Talmud | the basic compendium of Jewish law, thought, and Biblical commentary, comprising *Mishnah and *Gemara; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in *Eretz Yisrael at end of the fourth century C.E. |
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tamim | see *temimim |
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Tanach | acronym for Torah (i.e., the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (the Prophets), and Kesuvim (the Writings; i.e., the Hagiographa |
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tanna (pl., tannaim) | authority of the 1st-2nd. cents. quoted in the *Mishnah |
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Tanya | the Alter Rebbe's basic exposition of *Chabad *Chassidus; "Tanya" is the initial word of the book, which is also called Likkutei Amarim ("Collected Discourses") and Sefer shel Beinonim ("The Book of the Intermediates") |
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tefillin | small black leather cubes containing parchment scrolls inscribed with Shema Yisrael and other Biblical passages, bound to the arm and forehead and worn by men at weekday morning prayers; "phylacteries" |
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Tehillim | (lit., "praises"): the Book of Psalms |
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temimim (pl. of tamim) | students past or present of one of the senior *yeshivos of the *Lubavitch branch of *Chassidism, which are known as Tomchei Temimim |
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teshuvah | (lit., "return"): repentance |
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Tiferes | (lit., "glory"): the third of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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tikkun (pl., tikkunim) | the process of refining, restituting and rehabilitating the materiality of this world |
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Tikkun Chatzos | (lit., "midnight service"): an optional devotional exercise lamenting the Destruction of the *Beis HaMikdash and the subsequent exile of the Divine Presence on a cosmic level |
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Tishah BeAv | (lit., "the Ninth of [the month of] Av"): fast commemorating the Destruction of both Temples |
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Tomchei Temimim | (a) the *yeshivah founded in *Lubavitch in 1897 by the Rebbe Rashab; (b) one of its subsequent offshoots |
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tzaddik (pl., tzaddikim) | (a) completely righteous individual (b) *Rebbe |
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tzedakah | charity |
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tzimtzum | the self-limitation of the infinite and emanating Divine light by progressive degrees of contraction, condensation and concealment, and making possible the creation of finite and physical substances |
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Worlds, the Four | the main stages in the creative process resulting from *tzimtzum; in descending order: *Atzilus, *Beriah, *Yetzirah and *Asiyah, often referred to by their acronym as abiya |
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yechidah | the highest or innermost of the five levels of the soul (cf. Bereishis Rabbah 14:9) |
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yeshivah | Torah academy for advanced students |
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Yesod | (lit., "foundation"): the sixth of the seven Divine middos, or attributes, and of their corresponding mortal middos, or spiritual emotions |
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Yetzirah, the World of | (lit., "the World of Formation"): the third (in descending order) of the Four *Worlds |
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Yiddishkeit | (lit., "Jewishness"; Yid.): the Torah way of life |
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Yom-Tov | festival |
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Yom-Tov Sheni shel Galuyos | one of the days which only in the Diaspora is appended to each of the three Pilgrim Festivals |
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Yud-Beis and Yud-Gimmel Tammuz | ("the twelfth and thirteenth of [the month of] Tammuz"): chassidic festival marking the anniversary of the release of the Rebbe Rayatz from incarceration and exile in Stalinist Russia in 1927 |
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Yud-Tes Kislev | ("the nineteenth of [the month of] Kislev"): chassidic festival celebrating the liberation of the Alter Rebbe from capital sentence and imprisonment in Petersburg (1798), after having been slandered to the czarist authorities by his opponents |
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Zohar | (lit., "radiance"): classical work embodying the mystical teachings of the *Kabbalah |
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